Tarxien Temples: A Malta World Heritage Site

Tarxien Temples located in Tarxien, Southern Malta is an archeological complex. The site was accepted by UNESCO as the World Heritage Site in 1980. The construction of this archeological complex dates back to 3600 to 2500 BC. The site is still being excavated. The farmers ploughing the field in 1914 first noticed obstructions caused by large stone blocks leading to the discovery of Tarxien temples.

The Tarxien complex consists of the four megalithic structures connected together on a squared court. Its different temple buildings extend up to an area of 4200 sq.mt. with each temple having a separate entrance. The first temple structure was constructed in 3600-3000 BC with five apses in place. The central temple features the most remarkable construction of 6 apses which is very uncommon for Maltese temples. A staircase connects the central temple to the Eastern temple. The inner most structure manifests high precision architecture with domed ceilings and vertical archs. This central temple showcases the final phase of the temple period in Tarxien.

These structures exhibit detailed stone carvings of the animals in different statures, altars and reliefs. The walls and screens are decorated with patterns like spirals, circles and shells all over. Some altars are more intricate with large megaliths accompanied by a number of smaller megaliths placed horizontally and vertically. The relief picture of two bulls and a sow is particularly interesting. These symbols and carvings were of definite meaning to the ancient Maltese dwellers. The continuous presence of spirals in all the art works and decorations of the temple suggests its significant importance as a primary language.

There are certain objects found within the temples which indicate on the prehistoric rituals practiced on the temple site. A box containing animal bones, flint blade, a long bone and fragments of Maltese Neolithic ware has been discovered from the site. It is therefore considered the place was extensively used for animal sacrifice.

The South temple shows sign of cremations which implies the temple was used as a cremation cemetery in the Bronze Age. Discovery of the fertility goddess figures which now has been moved to the Valletta Museum depicts the temple was dedicated to the Mother Earth. The stone rollers found in the temple area unveil how the gigantic megalithic structures were transferred to the temples.

The Tarxien temple is of utmost importance to the history of Malta. It gives a clearer picture of what the prehistoric people of this land indulged into. It brings to light the ancient culture and heritage of the Maltese Island.